===== On Sulfur-terminated Carbon Chain Molecules CnS in Space ===== ==== Thioxoethenylidene, C2S, and Thioxopropadienylidene, C3S ==== N. Kaifu, H. Suzuki, M. Ohishi, T. Miyaki, S.-I. Ishikawa, T. Kasuga, M. Morimoto, and S. Saito\\ reported on the\\ **[[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ApJ...317L.111K|Detection of Intense Unidentified Lines in TMC-1]]**\\ //Astrophys. J.// **317**, L111–L114 (1987);\\ obtained in the course of a molecular line survey carried out with the 45 m Nobeyama telescope which ultimately covered the 8 – 50 GHz range.\\ \\ Laboratory spectroscopic investigations by\\ S. Saito, K. Kawaguchi, S. Yamamoto, M. Ohishi, H. Suzuki, and N. Kaifu\\ lead to the\\ **[[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ApJ...317L.115S|Laboratory Detection and Astronomical Identification of a New Free Radical, CCS 3Σ–]]**\\ //Astrophys. J.// **317**, L115–L118 (1987).\\ Four lines from the line survey mentioned above were assigned to C2S. These were the //NJ// = 12 – 21, 33 – 22, 43 – 32, and 34 – 23 transitions at 22344, 38866, 43981, and 45379 MHz, respectively. Please note: the labeling of the 21 level follows that of the CDMS catalog entry. This level is labeled 01 in the original work.\\ The authors also assigned several U-lines from two molecular line surveys of Sagittarius B2 in the 3 and 2 mm regions to C2S.\\ Finally, the CC34S isotopolog was also detected toward TMC-1 by its 12 – 21 transition at 21930 MHz.\\ \\ In addition, laboratory spectroscopic investigations by\\ S. Yamamoto, S. Saito, K. Kawaguchi, N. Kaifu, and H. Suzuki\\ lead to the\\ **[[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ApJ...317L.119Y|Laboratory Detection of a New Carbon-chain Molecule C3S and its Astronomical Identification]]**\\ //Astrophys. J.// **317**, L119–L121 (1987).\\ The //J// = 4 – 3, 7 – 6, and 8 – 7 transitions were identified at 23123, 40465, and 46246 MHz, respectively. ==== Additional information on C2S ==== C2S, along with C3S, were also detected with the IRAM 30 m telescope in the circumstellar envelope of the carbon-rich late-type star CW Leo, also known as IRC +10216 in the course of a molecular line survey in the 3 and 2 mm regions by\\ J. Cernicharo, M. Guélin, H. Hein, and C. Kahane,\\ **[[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987A%26A...181L...9C|Sulfur in IRC +10216]]**\\ //Astron. Astrophys.// **181**, L9–L12 (1987).\\ \\ C2S was also seen toward several translucent clouds, albeit in only the lower energy transition of two by\\ B. E. Turner, H.-H. Lee, and E. Herbst,\\ **[[https://doi.org/10.1086/313077|The Physics and Chemistry of Small Translucent Molecular Clouds.\\ IX. Acetylenic Chemistry]]**\\ //Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser.// **115**, 91–118 (1998).\\ \\ The two 13C isotopomers were detected with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope toward TMC-1 by\\ N. Sakai, M. Ikeda, M. Morita, T. Sakai, S. Takano, Y. Osamura, and S. Yamamoto,\\ **[[https://doi.org/10.1086/518595|Production Pathways of CCS and CCCS Inferred from Their 13C Isotopic Species]]**\\ //Astrophys. J.// **663**, 1174–1179 (2007).\\ The C13CS isotopolog is highly depleted, and it has not been detected in L1521E, whereas 13CCS was seen. ==== Additional information on C3S ==== C3S, along with C2S, were also detected with the IRAM 30 m telescope in the circumstellar envelope of the carbon-rich late-type star CW Leo, also known as IRC +10216 in the course of a molecular line survey in the 3 and 2 mm region by\\ J. Cernicharo, M. Guélin, H. Hein, and C. Kahane,\\ **[[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987A%26A...181L...9C|Sulfur in IRC +10216]]**\\ //Astron. Astrophys.// **181**, L9–L12 (1987). The detection of the 34S isotopolog in the course of the Nobeyama 45 m line survey was mentioned first by\\ M. Ohishi and N. Kaifu,\\ **[[https://doi.org/10.1039/a801058g|Chemical and Physical Evolution of Dark Clouds. Molecular Spectral Line Survey toward TMC-1]]**\\ //Faraday Discuss.// **190**, 205–216 (1998). C3S was deteceted very recently in a warm cloud by\\ B. Tercero, J. Cernicharo, J. R. Pardo, and J. R. Goicoechea,\\ **[[https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913501|A line confusion limited millimeter survey of Orion KL\\ I. Sulfur carbon chains]]**\\ //Astron. Astrophys.// **517**, Art. No. A96 (2010). ---- ==== Information on thioxopentatetraenylidene, C5S ==== M. Agúndez, J. Cernicharo, and M. Guélin\\ reported on\\ **[[https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424542|New molecules in IRC +10216: confirmation of C5S and tentative identification of MgCCH, NCCP, and SiH3CN]]**\\ //Astron. Astrophys.// **570**, Art. No. A45 (2014).\\ The //J// + 1 → //J// transitions with //J// = 43, 44, and 45 of C5S were identified in the course of a 3 mm line survey with the IRAM 30 m telescope near 81.2, 83.0, and 84.9 GHz. The first transition is blended. The almost similar column densities between two carbon chain molecules, here C5S and C3S, are very unusual, though not unprecedented.\\ \\ M. B. Bell, L. W. Avery, and P. A. Feldman\\ had reported on\\ **[[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...417L..37B|C3S and C5S in IRC +10216]]**\\ //Astrophys. J.// **417**, L37–L40 (1993).\\ A line observed with the NRAO 43 m telecope near 24.0 GHz in the course of a molecular line survey was assigned to the //J// = 13 – 12 transition of C5S. The authors state in the abstract: "Assuming the observed feature is due to C5S, we find that //N//(C5S)///N//(C3S) ≈ 0.5." Confirmation of this finding or identification of further transitions at shorter wavelengths will be useful.\\ \\ The molecule was recently also identified in TMC-1 by\\ J. Cernicharo, C. Cabezas, M. Agúndez, B. Tercero, J. R. Pardo, N. Marcelino, J. D. Gallego, F. Tercero, J. A. López-Pérez, and P. de Vicente\\ **[[https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140642|TMC-1, the starless core sulfur factory: Discovery of NCS, HCCS, H2CCS, H2CCCS, and C4S and detection of C5S]]**\\ //Astron. Astrophys.// **648**, Art. No. L3 (2021).\\ C5S was identified through 5 rotational transitions with //J"// = 16 to 20 and with modest to good signal-to-noise ratio (one slightly blended, one severely blended) in the course of a molecular line survey of the prototypical cold dark molecular cloud TMC-1 carried out with the Yebes 40 m radio telescope between 32.8 and 49.2 GHz. See below for statements on the column densities.\\ ---- ==== Information on C4S ==== J. Cernicharo, C. Cabezas, M. Agúndez, B. Tercero, J. R. Pardo, N. Marcelino, J. D. Gallego, F. Tercero, J. A. López-Pérez, and P. de Vicente\\ reported on\\ **[[https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140642|TMC-1, the starless core sulfur factory: Discovery of NCS, HCCS, H2CCS, H2CCCS, and C4S and detection of C5S]]**\\ //Astron. Astrophys.// **648**, Art. No. L3 (2021).\\ C4S was identified through for fine structure transitions with //N"// = 9 to 12 and //J// = //N// + 1 and with moderate to good signal-to-noise ratio (one slightly blended, one severely blended) in the course of a molecular line survey of the prototypical cold dark molecular cloud TMC-1 carried out with the Yebes 40 m radio telescope between 32.8 and 49.2 GHz. The column density of C4S is slightly lower than that of C5S, and about factors of 340 and 1350 lower than those of C3S and C2S, respectively. ---- Contributor(s): H. S. P. Müller; 09, 2012; 07, 2018; 09, 2020; 04, 2021 ----